Middle eastern countries map9/8/2023 ![]() ![]() Iran's experience in the late twentieth century was very different. The amount of benefits is related to past earnings and allows for disability and survivors' benefits. Employees and employers finance the system jointly with no government supplement. ![]() Except for Israel, Turkey has the region's most extensive old-age benefit program: it covers all residents and the benefits are adjusted periodically for changes in the cost of living. Perhaps more than women elsewhere in the Middle East, women in the Turkish Republic enjoy equality with men in employment opportunities and social freedom. Six percent of Turkey's population was estimated to be sixty-five and older in 2000 this figure is projected to increase to 10.8 percent in 2025 (see Table 1). Turkey has enjoyed a relatively stable government during the last quarter of the twentieth century (except for Kurdish independence movements). Iran and Turkey, each with an estimated population of about 65 million in 2000, account for 56.4 percent of the 232.5 million inhabitants of the Middle East. The generous old-age benefit programs in some of these countries, which also cover migrant workers, allow the workers to return to their homelands and collect a pension. Turkey and Yemen are low on capital but have a large supply of labor, which they export to the oil-producing countries. Most of the oil-dependent countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, are rich in capital, have labor shortages, and employ guest workers. Oil in the Middle East is a national property. Still others, such as Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Yemen, have no oil reserves their economies rely on agriculture and young industries. Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, and the UAE, have vast oil reserves and oil-dependent economies others, such as Iran, Iraq, and Syria, are partially oil-dependent. The Middle Eastern countries possess different resources and are at different stages of economic development. ![]() ![]() Economic conditions, population, and aging Although Israel is mentioned for comparison, that country is not discussed at length here. The North African countries of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia, which share a culture and religious beliefs with the Arab population of the Middle East, are included in Table 1 along with the Middle Eastern countries. This entry reviews the demographic, economic, political, cultural, and social support structures that influence aging and the older people of the Middle Eastern countries. The Middle Eastern countries also differ in historical development, social and ethnic composition, economic history, natural resources, size, population, and forms of government. Exceptions are the Israelis, 90 percent of the Iranians, and two-thirds of the Iraqis, who are Shi'a Muslim. Most residents of these countries are Sunni Muslim. In 1981 the Congressional Quarterly defined the so-called Arab countries as "those in which Arabic is the primary language and who share a common culture." For example, all Middle Eastern countries are Arab except Iran, Israel, and Turkey (which account for 59 percent of the region's population). Although often discussed collectively, they are different in as many ways as they are similar. The Middle Eastern countries are Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and Yemen. The southern part of Asia, known as the Middle East, covers an area about the size of the United States and Mexico. ![]()
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